Abstract
Silicon microprocessors have been the heart of the computing world for more than forty years. Computer chip manufacturers are furiously racing to make the next microprocessor that will topple the speed records and in the process are cramming more and more electronic devices on to the microprocessor. Sooner or later the physical speed and miniaturization limits of silicon microprocessors is bound to hit a wall.
Chip makers need a new material to produce faster computing speed with fewer complexities. You won't believe where scientists have found this new material. DNA, the material our genes are made of, is being used to build the next generation of microprocessors. Scientists are using this genetic material to create nano computers that might take the place of silicon computers in the next decade.
A nascent technology that uses DNA molecules to build computers that are faster than the world's most powerful human-built computers is called DNA computing. Molecular biologists are beginning to unravel the information processing tools such as enzymes, copying tools, proofreading mechanisms and so on, that evolution has spent millions of years refining. Now we are taking those tools in large numbers molecules and using them as biological computer processors.
DNA computing has a great deal of advantage over conventional silicon based computing. DNA computers can store billions of times more data than your personal computer. DNA computers Have ability to work in a massively parallel fashion, performing many calculations simultaneously. DNA molecules that provide the input can also provide all the necessary operational energy.
DNA computing has made a remarkable progress in almost every field. It has found the application in fields like biomedical, pharmaceutical, information security, cracking secret codes, etc.
Scientists and researchers believe that in the foreseeable future DNA computing could scale up to great heights.
Introduction
Man's thirst for knowledge has driven the information revolution. Human brain, a master processor, processes the information about the internal and external environment and sends signals to take appropriate actions. In nature, such controls exist at every level. Even in the smallest of the cells has a nucleus, which controls the cell. Where does this power actually come from? It lies in the DNA. The ability to harness this computational power shall determine the fate of next generation of computing.
DNA computing is a novel technology that seeks to capitalize on the enormous informational capacity of DNA, biological molecules that can store huge amounts of information and are able to perform operations similar to that of a computer, through the deployment of enzymes, biological catalysts that act like software to execute desired operations. The appeal of DNA computing lies in the fact that DNA molecules can store far more than any existing conventional computer chip. Also, utilizing DNA for complex computation can be much faster than utilizing a conventional computer, for which massive parallelism would require large amount of hardware, not simply more than DNA.
Structure of DNA
All organisms on this planet are made of the same type of genetic blueprint, which bind us together. Within the cells of any organism is a substance called Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), which is a double-stranded helix of nucleotides, which carries the genetic information of a cell. The data density of DNA is impressive. Just like a string of
binary data is encoded with ones and zeros, a strand of DNA is encoded with four bases, represented by letters A (Adenine), T (Thymine), C (Cytosine) and G (Guanine).
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